Antibiotic

An antibiotic is a chemotherapeutic agent that inhibits or suppresses the growth of microorganisms such as bacteria, fungi, or protozoa. The term refers to any official of the biological activity against living organisms; However, "antibiotic" is now used to describe substances with anti-bacterial, anti-fungal or anti-parasitic activity. The first antibiotic compounds used in modern medicine were produced and isolated living organisms, such as penicillin class produced by fungi of the genus Penicillium, or streptomycin bacteria of the genus Streptomyces. With advances in organic chemistry many antibiotics are obtained by chemical synthesis, such as sulfates. Many antibiotics are relatively small molecules with a molecular weight less than 2000 Da. Unlike previous treatments for infections, which often consisted in the administration of chemical compounds such as arsenic and strychnine, high toxicity also against mammals, antibiotics microbes had little or no side effects and the target strength of high activity. Most antibacterial antibiotics do not work against viruses, fungi and other microbes. Anti-bactérien antibiotics can be classified according to their specific target: "narrow spectrum" antibiotics target certain types of bacteria, such as Gram-negative or Gram-positive bacteria, while broad spectrum antibiotics involve a broad spectrum of bacteria. The effectiveness of different antibiotics varies with the location of the infection, the ability of the antibiotic to reach the site of infection, and the ability of the microbe to excrete or inactivate the antibiotic. Some antibacterial antibiotics destroy bacteria (bactericidal activity), while others inhibit bacterial growth (bacteriostatic). Oral Antibiotics are simply ingested while intravenous antibiotics are used in the most serious cases, such as deep-seated systemic infections. Antibiotics may also sometimes be administered topically, as with eye drops or ointments. In recent years, three new classes of antibiotics have been put into clinical use. This follows 40 years of hiatus in the discovery of new classes of antibiotic compounds. These new antibiotics are three categories: cyclic lipopeptides (daptomycin), glycylcyclines (tigecycline), and oxazolidinones (linezolid). Tigecycline is a broad-spectrum antibiotic, while the other two are used for Gram-positive infections. These developments show promise as a way to combat the growing bacterial resistance to antibiotics. Contents [hide] 1 History 2 classes of antibiotics 3 Production 4 Side Effects 5 Antibiotic abuse 5.1 Animals 5.2 Humans 6 Antibiotic resistance 6.1 resistance to change agents 7 Beyond Antibiotics 8 References 9 See also 10 links 10.1 Resources [Edit] See also: Chronology of antibiotics PenicillinAlthough powerful antibiotic compounds for the treatment of human diseases caused by bacteria (such as tuberculosis, bubonic plague or leprosy) were not isolated and identified until the twentieth century, the first known use antibiotics was ancient China over 2,500 years. [1] Many other ancient cultures, including the ancient Egyptians and Greeks already used old molds and plants to treat infections, as a result of the production of antibiotics materials by these organizations. At that time, however, the compounds with antibiotic activity and in molds or plants were unknown. The antibiotic properties of Penicillium sp. Have been described for the first time in France by Ernest Duchesne in 1897. However, his work was dedicated by without too much of the scientific community until Alexander Fleming discovered penicillin (see below). Modern research on the antibiotic treatment began in Germany, with the development of narrow-spectrum antibiotic Salvarsan by Paul Ehrlich in 1909, for the first time, allowing efficient processing of the time widespread problem of syphilis. Drugs, which was also effective against other spirochaetal infections, is no longer used in modern medicine. Antibiotics were developed in Britain after the discovery of penicillin in 1928 by Alexander Fleming. More than a decade later, Ernst Chain and Howard Florey was interested in his work, and set up the purified form of penicillin. The three shared the 1945 Nobel Prize in Medicine. "Antibiotics" has been used to refer only to substances extracted from a fungus or other microorganisms, but has come to include the many synthetic and semi-synthetic drugs that have antibacterial effects. Antibiotics can help them succeed in curing many diseases [Edit] classes of antibiotics At the highest level, antibiotics can be classified as either bactericidal or bacteriostatic. Bactericidals kill bacteria directly where bacteriostatics prevent them from dividing. However, these classifications are based on the behavior of laboratory; In practice, these two are capable of putting an end to a bacterial infection. [2] Antibiotics [3] generic name, brand names use the possible side effects Aminoglycosides Amikacin Amikin infections caused by Gram-negative bacteria such as Escherichia coli and Klebsiella including Pseudomonas aeruginosa. Effective against aerobic bacteria (not oblige / anaerobic optional). The hearing loss Vertigo Damage to kidneys Gentamicin Garamycin Kanamycine Kantrex Neomycin Netilmicin Netromycin Streptomycin Tobramycin Nebcin Paromomycin Humatin Ansamycins Geldanamycin experimental, as antitumor antibiotics Herbimycin Carbacephem Loracarbef Lorabid Carbapénèmes Ertapenem Invanz Bactericidal for both Gram-positive and Gram-negative by the organization inhibition of the synthesis of cell walls and thus useful for empirical broad-spectrum antibacterial coverage. (Note MRSA resistance to this class.) Gastrointestinal disorders and diarrhea Nausea Seizures Headache Rash and allergic reactions Doripenem Finibax Imipenem / cilastatin Primaxin Meropenem Merrem Cephalosporins (first generation) Cefadroxil Duricef gastrointestinal upset and diarrhea Nausea (in cases of concomitant alcohol) Allergic reactions Cefazolin Ancef Cefalotin or Cefalothin Keflin Cephalexin Keflex Cephalosporins (second generation) Cefaclor Ceclor gastrointestinal upset and diarrhea Nausea (in cases of concomitant alcohol) Allergic reactions Cefamandole Mandole Cefoxitin Mefoxin Cefprozil Cefzil Céfuroxime Ceftin Cephalosporins (third generation) Céfixime Suprax gastrointestinal upset and diarrhea Nausea (in cases of concomitant alcohol) Allergic reactions Cefdinir Omnicef Cefditoren Spectracef Cefoperazone Cefobid Cefotaxime Claforan Cefpodoxime Ceftazidime Fortaz Ceftibuten Ceftizoxime Ceftriaxone Rocephin Cefdinir Cephalosporins (fourth generation) Cefepime Maxipime gastrointestinal upset and diarrhea Nausea (in cases of concomitant alcohol) Allergic reactions Glucopeptides Teicoplanin Vancomycin Vancocin Macrolides Azithromycin Zithromax, Sumamed, Zitrocin Streptococcal infection, syphilis, respiratory infections, mycoplasmal infections, Lyme disease nausea, vomiting, diarrhea and (especially at higher doses) Jaundice Clarithromycin Biaxin Dirithromycin Erythromycin Roxithromycin Troléandomycine Télithromycine Ketek pneumonia blurred vision, liver toxicity. The approval of this drug in the United States has aroused controversy, and a doctor visited the prison monitoring noun form; Follow-up adjectival form attempts to determine its safety because she falsified the results of his part of the testing precisely because it seemed to cause liver problems, including liver failure, in a greater extent than would be expected of a common antibiotic usage. [Edit] Spectinomycin antimetabolite, anticancer Monobactams Aztreonam Penicillins Amoxicillin Novamox Wide range of infections; Penicillin used for streptococcal infections, syphilis and Lyme disease gastrointestinal upset and diarrhea Allergic to severe anaphylactic Brain and kidney damage (rare) Ampicilline Azlocillin Carbenicillin Cloxacillin Dicloxacillin Flucloxacillin Mezlocillin Nafcillin Penicillin Pipéracilline Ticarcillin Polypeptides Bacitracin eyes, ears or bladder infections; Usually applied directly to the eye or inhaled in the lungs; Rarely given by injection Kidney and nerve damage (when administered by injection) Colistine Polymyxine B Quinolones Ciprofloxacin Ciproxin, Ciplox urinary bacterial infections, prostatitis, community bacterial pneumonia, diarrhea, mycoplasmal infections, gonorrhea nausea (rare), tendinitis (rare) Enoxacin Gatifloxacine Tequin Levofloxacin Levaquin Lomefloxacin Moxifloxacin Avelox Norfloxacin Ofloxacin Ocuflox Trovafloxacin Trovan Sulfamides Mafenide urinary tract infections (except sulfacetamide and mafenide); Mafenide is used topically for burns nausea, vomiting, diarrhea and Allergy (rash) Crystals in the urine The renal Decreased white blood cells Sensitivity to sunlight Prontosil (archaic) Sulfacetamide Sulfamethizole Sulfanilimide (archaic) Sulfasalazine Sulfisoxazole Trimethoprim Trimethoprim - Sulfamethoxazole (Co-trimoxazole) (TMP-SMX) Bactrim Tetracyclines Demeclocycline Syphilis, chlamydia, Lyme disease, mycoplasmal infections, gastrointestinal infections acne rickettsia upset Sensitivity to sunlight Stained teeth (especially in children) Potential toxicity to mother and fetus during pregnancy Doxycycline Vibramycin Minocycline Minocin Oxytétracycline Terracin Tetracycline Sumycin Other Arsphenamine Salvarsan Spirochaetal infections (obsolete) Chloramphenicol Chloromycetin Clindamycin Cleocin acne infection prophylaxis before surgery Lincoamycin acne infection prophylaxis before surgery Ethambutol Antituberculosis Phosphomycine Fusidic acid Fucidin The furazolidone Isoniazid Antituberculosis Linezolid Zyvox Metronidazole Flagyl Giardia Mupirocin Bactroban Nitrofurantoin Macrodantin, Macrobid Platensimycin Pyrazinamide Antituberculosis Quinupristin / Dalfopristin Syncercid Rifampin or Rifampicin Linked to the β subunit of "RNA polymerase" inhibit the transcription of the majority of "gram-positive" and "mycobacteria" Reddish-orange sweat, tears and urine Tinidazole Generic Name brand names use the possible side effects